Brand new onset of eggs laying to have hens was influenced by genotype, health muscles updates and you may ecological conditions. Regional breeds (white eggshell types-Padovana and you may Polverara; shaded eggshell breeds-Pepoi, Ermellinata di Rovigo, Robusta Maculata and you can Robusta Lionata) on Veneto region, from inside the Northern Italy, was basically reared external away from spring season (6 weeks of age; six WA) to help you trip and you may winter. The brand new start of installing ranged with respect to the breed (22–twenty-eight WA): just the tinted eggshell types been laying at the end of summer/beginning of fall, regarding presence of a reducing sheer photoperiod, while the egg production lasted for the majority months. During the 38 WA, phony white is slowly put in the fresh photoperiod to get 14L:10D, at 42 WA, every half a dozen breeds was indeed installing. To possess hens reared outside, relations one of ecosystem, body times and you may health standards should be considered. The information and knowledge with the effective give and you will eggs quality of the fresh new local reproduce hens are useful on the management of the brand new wild birds and also for an acceptable supply of eggs, for market as well as brooding all year long.
Abstract
The month of hatching and the rearing management, especially temperature and photoperiod, are important factors for pullets and hens reared outdoors. The yield performance and egg quality of dual-purpose chicken breeds from the Veneto region (Italy), Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and Robusta Lionata (RL), with different adult body weights (ABW, kg, PP = 1.3; ER = 2.3, RM and RL = 3.1), were studied, using a factorial model (4 ? 2), considering breed and age (26–33 weeks, first age, summer–autumn, under decreasing natural photoperiod-on average, 12L:12D, and 42–53 weeks, second age, winter, under implemented photoperiod-14L:10D) as the main effects and interaction. The chicks hatched in spring, and they started laying at the end of summer/beginning of autumn. Significant ( p
step 1. Addition
During the last pair age, need for dual-goal poultry types might have been broadening, for biodiversity and you may moral issues. Given the improvements inside the hereditary developments to have yield show into the hybrid hens done-by several reproduction companies throughout the globe , biodiversity is now one of several key principles out-of durability to own as well as agriculture . This new moral impact on animal passion try a deeper crucial matter, which considers not just the new rearing requirements of one’s birds however, together with the government. New guys of egg layer hybrids was killed immediately after hatching, because they do not perform the fundamental increases and you will slaughtering top quality questioned into markets . Additionally, hybrid broilers reveal of several real dilemmas, which do not allow them to has actually satisfactory well-being criteria, and you may free-assortment rearing assistance is growing while they enable it to be chickens to raised let you know the pure habits [3,4]. When you look at the Italy, brand new Veneto region has actually an extended traditions out of poultry breeding, several poultry breeds have existed for the majority years, and in the middle of the last century, certain twin-mission purebreds are created having fun with light- and you may brown-eggshell types . The first reputation you to definitely differentiates new types, predicated on its source, is the color of the latest eggshell, as poultry genotypes possess a special phylogenetic resource, that have advanced individually regarding the crazy Gallus genus once domestication, and many muscles properties differ between the two. Pursuing the class suggested by the Ghigi, from inside the 1905, the new domestic chicken types are split up into about three teams, centered on its morphological, physical and functional characteristics . You can find breeds, which can be such as for instance wild Gallus genus, proving early growth and sexual readiness and a leading creation of eggs that have white eggshells. To the contrary, you will find breeds very distinct from nuts Gallus , showing postponed growth and sexual maturity, reduced egg manufacturing that have brown eggshells, and you can, regarding the 3rd class, you will find advanced types, called twin-purpose breeds, and this show advanced characteristics, with more similarity into the types belonging to the basic otherwise next class . In reality, we know that types generating egg which have light eggshells have human body increases, an excellent metabolic profile and you may anatomy significantly more suited to highest eggs development than brown eggshell types. It mental position, well shown by the white eggshell hybrids [eight,8], shows that this new nutrient consumption can be used for the majority of your own skeletal and you will growth of muscles before start of laying following useful eggs design, avoiding competition on taken nutrients between body development and egg development. Recently, training, centered on SNP assortment, genotyped of a lot chicken types and hybrids throughout the world to evaluate the new genetic assortment anywhere between and you may into the populations to your effective management of chicken genetic resources [9,10]. Variations in genetic assortment into the populace was basically revealed involving the extremely chosen commercial covering contours and several African, Southern area hГ¤r borta American and some regional Asian and you may Eu breeds , also particular Italian breeds .
